Làm thử Đề thi thử tốt nghiệp THPT · Tiếng Anh · Đề 115

Question 15. a. "I have completed a first-aid course and have experience monitoring animal behaviour from a school project last year."
b. "Yours sincerely, Minh"
c. "Dear Ms. Tran,"
d. "I am writing to apply for the volunteer position with the coastal turtle conservation project."
e. "I would be grateful for the chance to discuss my application further."

Question 16. a. "Local authorities are now investing in public transport to ease the pressure."
b. "As a result, many rural workers have moved to urban areas in search of jobs."
c. "Whether these measures will keep pace with the speed of urban growth remains to be seen."
d. "Cities across Vietnam have grown rapidly over the past two decades."
e. "This shift has brought both opportunities and challenges, such as overcrowded housing and traffic congestion."

For decades, water scarcity was treated as a distant problem, something that affected only the driest corners of the planet. That assumption no longer holds. Today, more than two billion people live in countries where water supplies are under serious strain, and the number is expected to rise as populations grow and rainfall patterns become less predictable. What was once a regional concern has become a global one, and it deserves far more attention than it currently receives.

Several factors lie behind this trend. Agriculture alone consumes about seventy percent of the world's fresh water, much of it through inefficient irrigation systems that lose enormous volumes to evaporation and leakage. Rapid urban growth adds further pressure, as cities expand faster than the infrastructure needed to supply them. Climate change compounds the problem: rising temperatures intensify droughts in some regions while triggering unusually heavy rainfall in others, making water resources harder to plan around than ever before.

The consequences reach far beyond a dry tap. In areas where water is scarce, families often walk long distances each day simply to collect enough for cooking and washing, a burden that falls disproportionately on women and girls and keeps many out of school. When water becomes scarce enough, competition for it can even push neighbouring communities toward open conflict. Public health also suffers, since limited access to clean water makes it far harder to control the spread of disease.

For decades, water scarcity was treated as a distant problem, something that affected only the driest corners of the planet. That assumption no longer holds. Today, more than two billion people live in countries where water supplies are under serious strain, and the number is expected to rise as populations grow and rainfall patterns become less predictable. What was once a regional concern has become a global one, and it deserves far more attention than it currently receives.

Several factors lie behind this trend. Agriculture alone consumes about seventy percent of the world's fresh water, much of it through inefficient irrigation systems that lose enormous volumes to evaporation and leakage. Rapid urban growth adds further pressure, as cities expand faster than the infrastructure needed to supply them. Climate change compounds the problem: rising temperatures intensify droughts in some regions while triggering unusually heavy rainfall in others, making water resources harder to plan around than ever before.

The consequences reach far beyond a dry tap. In areas where water is scarce, families often walk long distances each day simply to collect enough for cooking and washing, a burden that falls disproportionately on women and girls and keeps many out of school. When water becomes scarce enough, competition for it can even push neighbouring communities toward open conflict. Public health also suffers, since limited access to clean water makes it far harder to control the spread of disease.

For decades, water scarcity was treated as a distant problem, something that affected only the driest corners of the planet. That assumption no longer holds. Today, more than two billion people live in countries where water supplies are under serious strain, and the number is expected to rise as populations grow and rainfall patterns become less predictable. What was once a regional concern has become a global one, and it deserves far more attention than it currently receives.

Several factors lie behind this trend. Agriculture alone consumes about seventy percent of the world's fresh water, much of it through inefficient irrigation systems that lose enormous volumes to evaporation and leakage. Rapid urban growth adds further pressure, as cities expand faster than the infrastructure needed to supply them. Climate change compounds the problem: rising temperatures intensify droughts in some regions while triggering unusually heavy rainfall in others, making water resources harder to plan around than ever before.

The consequences reach far beyond a dry tap. In areas where water is scarce, families often walk long distances each day simply to collect enough for cooking and washing, a burden that falls disproportionately on women and girls and keeps many out of school. When water becomes scarce enough, competition for it can even push neighbouring communities toward open conflict. Public health also suffers, since limited access to clean water makes it far harder to control the spread of disease.

For decades, water scarcity was treated as a distant problem, something that affected only the driest corners of the planet. That assumption no longer holds. Today, more than two billion people live in countries where water supplies are under serious strain, and the number is expected to rise as populations grow and rainfall patterns become less predictable. What was once a regional concern has become a global one, and it deserves far more attention than it currently receives.

Several factors lie behind this trend. Agriculture alone consumes about seventy percent of the world's fresh water, much of it through inefficient irrigation systems that lose enormous volumes to evaporation and leakage. Rapid urban growth adds further pressure, as cities expand faster than the infrastructure needed to supply them. Climate change compounds the problem: rising temperatures intensify droughts in some regions while triggering unusually heavy rainfall in others, making water resources harder to plan around than ever before.

The consequences reach far beyond a dry tap. In areas where water is scarce, families often walk long distances each day simply to collect enough for cooking and washing, a burden that falls disproportionately on women and girls and keeps many out of school. When water becomes scarce enough, competition for it can even push neighbouring communities toward open conflict. Public health also suffers, since limited access to clean water makes it far harder to control the spread of disease.

For decades, water scarcity was treated as a distant problem, something that affected only the driest corners of the planet. That assumption no longer holds. Today, more than two billion people live in countries where water supplies are under serious strain, and the number is expected to rise as populations grow and rainfall patterns become less predictable. What was once a regional concern has become a global one, and it deserves far more attention than it currently receives.

Several factors lie behind this trend. Agriculture alone consumes about seventy percent of the world's fresh water, much of it through inefficient irrigation systems that lose enormous volumes to evaporation and leakage. Rapid urban growth adds further pressure, as cities expand faster than the infrastructure needed to supply them. Climate change compounds the problem: rising temperatures intensify droughts in some regions while triggering unusually heavy rainfall in others, making water resources harder to plan around than ever before.

The consequences reach far beyond a dry tap. In areas where water is scarce, families often walk long distances each day simply to collect enough for cooking and washing, a burden that falls disproportionately on women and girls and keeps many out of school. When water becomes scarce enough, competition for it can even push neighbouring communities toward open conflict. Public health also suffers, since limited access to clean water makes it far harder to control the spread of disease.

For decades, water scarcity was treated as a distant problem, something that affected only the driest corners of the planet. That assumption no longer holds. Today, more than two billion people live in countries where water supplies are under serious strain, and the number is expected to rise as populations grow and rainfall patterns become less predictable. What was once a regional concern has become a global one, and it deserves far more attention than it currently receives.

Several factors lie behind this trend. Agriculture alone consumes about seventy percent of the world's fresh water, much of it through inefficient irrigation systems that lose enormous volumes to evaporation and leakage. Rapid urban growth adds further pressure, as cities expand faster than the infrastructure needed to supply them. Climate change compounds the problem: rising temperatures intensify droughts in some regions while triggering unusually heavy rainfall in others, making water resources harder to plan around than ever before.

The consequences reach far beyond a dry tap. In areas where water is scarce, families often walk long distances each day simply to collect enough for cooking and washing, a burden that falls disproportionately on women and girls and keeps many out of school. When water becomes scarce enough, competition for it can even push neighbouring communities toward open conflict. Public health also suffers, since limited access to clean water makes it far harder to control the spread of disease.

For decades, water scarcity was treated as a distant problem, something that affected only the driest corners of the planet. That assumption no longer holds. Today, more than two billion people live in countries where water supplies are under serious strain, and the number is expected to rise as populations grow and rainfall patterns become less predictable. What was once a regional concern has become a global one, and it deserves far more attention than it currently receives.

Several factors lie behind this trend. Agriculture alone consumes about seventy percent of the world's fresh water, much of it through inefficient irrigation systems that lose enormous volumes to evaporation and leakage. Rapid urban growth adds further pressure, as cities expand faster than the infrastructure needed to supply them. Climate change compounds the problem: rising temperatures intensify droughts in some regions while triggering unusually heavy rainfall in others, making water resources harder to plan around than ever before.

The consequences reach far beyond a dry tap. In areas where water is scarce, families often walk long distances each day simply to collect enough for cooking and washing, a burden that falls disproportionately on women and girls and keeps many out of school. When water becomes scarce enough, competition for it can even push neighbouring communities toward open conflict. Public health also suffers, since limited access to clean water makes it far harder to control the spread of disease.

For decades, water scarcity was treated as a distant problem, something that affected only the driest corners of the planet. That assumption no longer holds. Today, more than two billion people live in countries where water supplies are under serious strain, and the number is expected to rise as populations grow and rainfall patterns become less predictable. What was once a regional concern has become a global one, and it deserves far more attention than it currently receives.

Several factors lie behind this trend. Agriculture alone consumes about seventy percent of the world's fresh water, much of it through inefficient irrigation systems that lose enormous volumes to evaporation and leakage. Rapid urban growth adds further pressure, as cities expand faster than the infrastructure needed to supply them. Climate change compounds the problem: rising temperatures intensify droughts in some regions while triggering unusually heavy rainfall in others, making water resources harder to plan around than ever before.

The consequences reach far beyond a dry tap. In areas where water is scarce, families often walk long distances each day simply to collect enough for cooking and washing, a burden that falls disproportionately on women and girls and keeps many out of school. When water becomes scarce enough, competition for it can even push neighbouring communities toward open conflict. Public health also suffers, since limited access to clean water makes it far harder to control the spread of disease.

The causes are largely man-made. Concrete, asphalt and glass absorb sunlight during the day and release it slowly as heat well into the night, preventing cities from cooling down the way open land does. Tall buildings trap warm air between them and block the breezes that might otherwise clear it away. Meanwhile, millions of air conditioners, vehicles and factories pump additional heat directly into the surrounding air, adding to a cycle that is difficult to break.

The human cost of this trend is considerable. [I] Elderly residents, young children and people with chronic illnesses are especially vulnerable to extreme heat, since their bodies struggle to regulate temperature effectively. [II] Hospitals in several major cities have reported sharp increases in heat-related admissions during recent summers. [III] Low-income neighbourhoods, which often have fewer trees and less access to air conditioning, tend to suffer the worst effects. [IV] Outdoor workers, including construction labourers and street vendors, face similar risks because they cannot easily escape the midday sun.

Fortunately, cities are not powerless against rising temperatures. Planting trees along streets and expanding public parks can lower local temperatures by providing shade and releasing moisture into the air. Reflective or light-coloured roofing materials bounce sunlight back into the atmosphere instead of absorbing it, keeping buildings noticeably cooler. Some cities have gone further by redesigning entire neighbourhoods around shaded walkways and open water features, cutting local temperatures by several degrees during peak summer months. These measures are not cheap, but the cost of inaction, measured in hospital visits and lost productivity, is likely to be far higher.

The causes are largely man-made. Concrete, asphalt and glass absorb sunlight during the day and release it slowly as heat well into the night, preventing cities from cooling down the way open land does. Tall buildings trap warm air between them and block the breezes that might otherwise clear it away. Meanwhile, millions of air conditioners, vehicles and factories pump additional heat directly into the surrounding air, adding to a cycle that is difficult to break.

The human cost of this trend is considerable. [I] Elderly residents, young children and people with chronic illnesses are especially vulnerable to extreme heat, since their bodies struggle to regulate temperature effectively. [II] Hospitals in several major cities have reported sharp increases in heat-related admissions during recent summers. [III] Low-income neighbourhoods, which often have fewer trees and less access to air conditioning, tend to suffer the worst effects. [IV] Outdoor workers, including construction labourers and street vendors, face similar risks because they cannot easily escape the midday sun.

Fortunately, cities are not powerless against rising temperatures. Planting trees along streets and expanding public parks can lower local temperatures by providing shade and releasing moisture into the air. Reflective or light-coloured roofing materials bounce sunlight back into the atmosphere instead of absorbing it, keeping buildings noticeably cooler. Some cities have gone further by redesigning entire neighbourhoods around shaded walkways and open water features, cutting local temperatures by several degrees during peak summer months. These measures are not cheap, but the cost of inaction, measured in hospital visits and lost productivity, is likely to be far higher.

The causes are largely man-made. Concrete, asphalt and glass absorb sunlight during the day and release it slowly as heat well into the night, preventing cities from cooling down the way open land does. Tall buildings trap warm air between them and block the breezes that might otherwise clear it away. Meanwhile, millions of air conditioners, vehicles and factories pump additional heat directly into the surrounding air, adding to a cycle that is difficult to break.

The human cost of this trend is considerable. [I] Elderly residents, young children and people with chronic illnesses are especially vulnerable to extreme heat, since their bodies struggle to regulate temperature effectively. [II] Hospitals in several major cities have reported sharp increases in heat-related admissions during recent summers. [III] Low-income neighbourhoods, which often have fewer trees and less access to air conditioning, tend to suffer the worst effects. [IV] Outdoor workers, including construction labourers and street vendors, face similar risks because they cannot easily escape the midday sun.

Fortunately, cities are not powerless against rising temperatures. Planting trees along streets and expanding public parks can lower local temperatures by providing shade and releasing moisture into the air. Reflective or light-coloured roofing materials bounce sunlight back into the atmosphere instead of absorbing it, keeping buildings noticeably cooler. Some cities have gone further by redesigning entire neighbourhoods around shaded walkways and open water features, cutting local temperatures by several degrees during peak summer months. These measures are not cheap, but the cost of inaction, measured in hospital visits and lost productivity, is likely to be far higher.

The causes are largely man-made. Concrete, asphalt and glass absorb sunlight during the day and release it slowly as heat well into the night, preventing cities from cooling down the way open land does. Tall buildings trap warm air between them and block the breezes that might otherwise clear it away. Meanwhile, millions of air conditioners, vehicles and factories pump additional heat directly into the surrounding air, adding to a cycle that is difficult to break.

The human cost of this trend is considerable. [I] Elderly residents, young children and people with chronic illnesses are especially vulnerable to extreme heat, since their bodies struggle to regulate temperature effectively. [II] Hospitals in several major cities have reported sharp increases in heat-related admissions during recent summers. [III] Low-income neighbourhoods, which often have fewer trees and less access to air conditioning, tend to suffer the worst effects. [IV] Outdoor workers, including construction labourers and street vendors, face similar risks because they cannot easily escape the midday sun.

Fortunately, cities are not powerless against rising temperatures. Planting trees along streets and expanding public parks can lower local temperatures by providing shade and releasing moisture into the air. Reflective or light-coloured roofing materials bounce sunlight back into the atmosphere instead of absorbing it, keeping buildings noticeably cooler. Some cities have gone further by redesigning entire neighbourhoods around shaded walkways and open water features, cutting local temperatures by several degrees during peak summer months. These measures are not cheap, but the cost of inaction, measured in hospital visits and lost productivity, is likely to be far higher.

The causes are largely man-made. Concrete, asphalt and glass absorb sunlight during the day and release it slowly as heat well into the night, preventing cities from cooling down the way open land does. Tall buildings trap warm air between them and block the breezes that might otherwise clear it away. Meanwhile, millions of air conditioners, vehicles and factories pump additional heat directly into the surrounding air, adding to a cycle that is difficult to break.

The human cost of this trend is considerable. [I] Elderly residents, young children and people with chronic illnesses are especially vulnerable to extreme heat, since their bodies struggle to regulate temperature effectively. [II] Hospitals in several major cities have reported sharp increases in heat-related admissions during recent summers. [III] Low-income neighbourhoods, which often have fewer trees and less access to air conditioning, tend to suffer the worst effects. [IV] Outdoor workers, including construction labourers and street vendors, face similar risks because they cannot easily escape the midday sun.

Fortunately, cities are not powerless against rising temperatures. Planting trees along streets and expanding public parks can lower local temperatures by providing shade and releasing moisture into the air. Reflective or light-coloured roofing materials bounce sunlight back into the atmosphere instead of absorbing it, keeping buildings noticeably cooler. Some cities have gone further by redesigning entire neighbourhoods around shaded walkways and open water features, cutting local temperatures by several degrees during peak summer months. These measures are not cheap, but the cost of inaction, measured in hospital visits and lost productivity, is likely to be far higher.

The causes are largely man-made. Concrete, asphalt and glass absorb sunlight during the day and release it slowly as heat well into the night, preventing cities from cooling down the way open land does. Tall buildings trap warm air between them and block the breezes that might otherwise clear it away. Meanwhile, millions of air conditioners, vehicles and factories pump additional heat directly into the surrounding air, adding to a cycle that is difficult to break.

The human cost of this trend is considerable. [I] Elderly residents, young children and people with chronic illnesses are especially vulnerable to extreme heat, since their bodies struggle to regulate temperature effectively. [II] Hospitals in several major cities have reported sharp increases in heat-related admissions during recent summers. [III] Low-income neighbourhoods, which often have fewer trees and less access to air conditioning, tend to suffer the worst effects. [IV] Outdoor workers, including construction labourers and street vendors, face similar risks because they cannot easily escape the midday sun.

Fortunately, cities are not powerless against rising temperatures. Planting trees along streets and expanding public parks can lower local temperatures by providing shade and releasing moisture into the air. Reflective or light-coloured roofing materials bounce sunlight back into the atmosphere instead of absorbing it, keeping buildings noticeably cooler. Some cities have gone further by redesigning entire neighbourhoods around shaded walkways and open water features, cutting local temperatures by several degrees during peak summer months. These measures are not cheap, but the cost of inaction, measured in hospital visits and lost productivity, is likely to be far higher.

The causes are largely man-made. Concrete, asphalt and glass absorb sunlight during the day and release it slowly as heat well into the night, preventing cities from cooling down the way open land does. Tall buildings trap warm air between them and block the breezes that might otherwise clear it away. Meanwhile, millions of air conditioners, vehicles and factories pump additional heat directly into the surrounding air, adding to a cycle that is difficult to break.

The human cost of this trend is considerable. [I] Elderly residents, young children and people with chronic illnesses are especially vulnerable to extreme heat, since their bodies struggle to regulate temperature effectively. [II] Hospitals in several major cities have reported sharp increases in heat-related admissions during recent summers. [III] Low-income neighbourhoods, which often have fewer trees and less access to air conditioning, tend to suffer the worst effects. [IV] Outdoor workers, including construction labourers and street vendors, face similar risks because they cannot easily escape the midday sun.

Fortunately, cities are not powerless against rising temperatures. Planting trees along streets and expanding public parks can lower local temperatures by providing shade and releasing moisture into the air. Reflective or light-coloured roofing materials bounce sunlight back into the atmosphere instead of absorbing it, keeping buildings noticeably cooler. Some cities have gone further by redesigning entire neighbourhoods around shaded walkways and open water features, cutting local temperatures by several degrees during peak summer months. These measures are not cheap, but the cost of inaction, measured in hospital visits and lost productivity, is likely to be far higher.

The causes are largely man-made. Concrete, asphalt and glass absorb sunlight during the day and release it slowly as heat well into the night, preventing cities from cooling down the way open land does. Tall buildings trap warm air between them and block the breezes that might otherwise clear it away. Meanwhile, millions of air conditioners, vehicles and factories pump additional heat directly into the surrounding air, adding to a cycle that is difficult to break.

The human cost of this trend is considerable. [I] Elderly residents, young children and people with chronic illnesses are especially vulnerable to extreme heat, since their bodies struggle to regulate temperature effectively. [II] Hospitals in several major cities have reported sharp increases in heat-related admissions during recent summers. [III] Low-income neighbourhoods, which often have fewer trees and less access to air conditioning, tend to suffer the worst effects. [IV] Outdoor workers, including construction labourers and street vendors, face similar risks because they cannot easily escape the midday sun.

Fortunately, cities are not powerless against rising temperatures. Planting trees along streets and expanding public parks can lower local temperatures by providing shade and releasing moisture into the air. Reflective or light-coloured roofing materials bounce sunlight back into the atmosphere instead of absorbing it, keeping buildings noticeably cooler. Some cities have gone further by redesigning entire neighbourhoods around shaded walkways and open water features, cutting local temperatures by several degrees during peak summer months. These measures are not cheap, but the cost of inaction, measured in hospital visits and lost productivity, is likely to be far higher.

The causes are largely man-made. Concrete, asphalt and glass absorb sunlight during the day and release it slowly as heat well into the night, preventing cities from cooling down the way open land does. Tall buildings trap warm air between them and block the breezes that might otherwise clear it away. Meanwhile, millions of air conditioners, vehicles and factories pump additional heat directly into the surrounding air, adding to a cycle that is difficult to break.

The human cost of this trend is considerable. [I] Elderly residents, young children and people with chronic illnesses are especially vulnerable to extreme heat, since their bodies struggle to regulate temperature effectively. [II] Hospitals in several major cities have reported sharp increases in heat-related admissions during recent summers. [III] Low-income neighbourhoods, which often have fewer trees and less access to air conditioning, tend to suffer the worst effects. [IV] Outdoor workers, including construction labourers and street vendors, face similar risks because they cannot easily escape the midday sun.

Fortunately, cities are not powerless against rising temperatures. Planting trees along streets and expanding public parks can lower local temperatures by providing shade and releasing moisture into the air. Reflective or light-coloured roofing materials bounce sunlight back into the atmosphere instead of absorbing it, keeping buildings noticeably cooler. Some cities have gone further by redesigning entire neighbourhoods around shaded walkways and open water features, cutting local temperatures by several degrees during peak summer months. These measures are not cheap, but the cost of inaction, measured in hospital visits and lost productivity, is likely to be far higher.

The causes are largely man-made. Concrete, asphalt and glass absorb sunlight during the day and release it slowly as heat well into the night, preventing cities from cooling down the way open land does. Tall buildings trap warm air between them and block the breezes that might otherwise clear it away. Meanwhile, millions of air conditioners, vehicles and factories pump additional heat directly into the surrounding air, adding to a cycle that is difficult to break.

The human cost of this trend is considerable. [I] Elderly residents, young children and people with chronic illnesses are especially vulnerable to extreme heat, since their bodies struggle to regulate temperature effectively. [II] Hospitals in several major cities have reported sharp increases in heat-related admissions during recent summers. [III] Low-income neighbourhoods, which often have fewer trees and less access to air conditioning, tend to suffer the worst effects. [IV] Outdoor workers, including construction labourers and street vendors, face similar risks because they cannot easily escape the midday sun.

Fortunately, cities are not powerless against rising temperatures. Planting trees along streets and expanding public parks can lower local temperatures by providing shade and releasing moisture into the air. Reflective or light-coloured roofing materials bounce sunlight back into the atmosphere instead of absorbing it, keeping buildings noticeably cooler. Some cities have gone further by redesigning entire neighbourhoods around shaded walkways and open water features, cutting local temperatures by several degrees during peak summer months. These measures are not cheap, but the cost of inaction, measured in hospital visits and lost productivity, is likely to be far higher.