Bài học

Can/can't: duoc phep lam gi va kha nang

Muc tieu bai hoc

Sau bai hoc nay, em dung dung can/can't de dien ta su cho phep va kha nang, va phan biet duoc hai nghia nay dua vao ngu canh cu the cua cau.

Kien thuc nen can co

Tu lop duoi em da biet can dung cho kha nang, vi du I can swim. Bai nay mo rong them mot nghia khac cua cung mot tu can: su cho phep - duoc lam mot viec gi do trong mot tinh huong cu the.

Cau hoi khoi dong

Hoa gio tay hoi co giao: "Can I go to the toilet?" Cau hoi nay dang hoi ve kha nang cua Hoa (di ve sinh von la dieu ai cung lam duoc), hay Hoa dang xin phep co giao?

Hai nghia cua can: kha nang va su cho phep

Can + V nguyen mau mang hai nghia pho bien. Nghia thu nhat la kha nang lam duoc mot viec gi do, thuong lien quan den ky nang hoac the chat: I can ride a bike, She can speak three languages. Nghia thu hai la duoc phep lam mot viec gi do trong mot tinh huong cu the, thuong do mot nguoi co tham quyen quyet dinh: You can leave the room, Students can borrow up to three books. Phu dinh can't/cannot dung cho ca hai nghia: khong co kha nang, hoac khong duoc phep.

Cach phan biet nhanh nhat la nhin vao chu the cua cau va nguoi dang noi. Neu cau lien quan den mot ky nang hay dieu kien co the (biet lam, du suc lam), do la kha nang. Neu cau lien quan den mot quy dinh do nguoi co tham quyen dat ra (giao vien, thu thu, nha truong), do la su cho phep. Hai nghia nay khong the doan chi bang ban than tu can, ma phai doc ca cau va ca ngu canh xung quanh.

Khi can mang nghia cho phep, no gan nhu co the thay bang cum are allowed to.

Ví dụ

Phan biet hai nghia cua can trong cung mot doan hoi thoai

1
O thu vien truong, Nam noi: "I can find this book in ten minutes," va thu thu tra loi: "You can borrow up to three books at a time." Bay o day la nghi ca hai cau cung noi ve kha nang.
2
Cau cua Nam noi ve kha nang ca nhan - ky nang tim sach nhanh; cau cua thu thu noi ve mot quy dinh duoc phep muon bao nhieu cuon - cung mot tu can nhung hai nghia khac nhau, phan biet bang ai dang co tham quyen cho phep.
3
Voi cau hoi which sentence expresses permission: (a) I can find this book in ten minutes, (b) You can borrow up to three books at a time, (c) both sentences, (d) neither sentence - loai (a) vi day la kha nang ca nhan; loai (c),(d) vi chi co (b) la quy dinh cho phep, khong phai ca hai hay khong cau nao.
4
(b) You can borrow up to three books at a time.
5
Khi can di kem mot con so hoac gioi han cu the do nguoi co tham quyen dat ra (muon toi da ba cuon), do la nghia cho phep; khi can di kem mot ky nang ca nhan, do la kha nang.

Ví dụ

Ly do quyet dinh nghia cua can't

1
Trang noi cung mot cau "I can't join the football team this year" vao hai hoan canh khac nhau: thu Hai (vi doi da du nguoi, khong con cho nhan them), thu Ba (vi Trang bi dau chan, khong du suc chay). Xac dinh cau nao dien ta khong duoc phep va cau nao dien ta khong co kha nang.
2
Cung mot cau "I can't join the football team," nhung ly do dung sau moi quyet dinh nghia: doi da du nguoi la mot quyet dinh cua nguoi phu trach doi bong, tuc khong duoc phep; dau chan la mot tinh trang the chat, tuc khong du kha nang.
3
Voi cau hoi ghep dung tinh huong-y nghia: (a) thu Hai - khong duoc phep, thu Ba - khong co kha nang, (b) thu Hai - khong co kha nang, thu Ba - khong duoc phep, (c) ca hai deu la khong duoc phep, (d) ca hai deu la khong co kha nang - loai (b),(c),(d) vi khong khop voi ly do that su cua tung hom.
4
(a).
5
Nghia cua can/can't luon phu thuoc vao ly do dung dang sau no trong ca cau, khong phai ban than tu can quyet dinh nghia mot minh.

Ví dụ

Chuyen cau quy dinh thanh cau dung can

1
Viet lai cau sau bang can: "It is allowed for students to bring a water bottle to class." Bay o day la giu nguyen cau truc it is allowed for thay vi rut gon bang can.
2
It is allowed for someone to do something dien ta su cho phep - co the rut gon tu nhien hon thanh Someone can do something, ngan gon va thuong dung hon trong van noi va van viet khong trang trong.
3
(a) Students can bring a water bottle to class, (b) Students can to bring a water bottle to class, (c) Students cans bring a water bottle to class, (d) Students could bring a water bottle to class - loai (b) vi can khong bao gio di kem to; loai (c) vi can khong chia theo ngoi; loai (d) vi could khong nam trong pham vi chuong nay va lam thay doi sac thai cau.
4
Students can bring a water bottle to class.
5
Can + V nguyen mau (khong to, khong chia theo ngoi) la cach tu nhien nhat de noi ve su cho phep trong van noi va van viet khong trang trong.

Luyen tap co huong dan

Luyen tap doc lap

Loi thuong gap

Bay hay gap nhat cua can: them to sau can (can to go) - can khong bao gio di kem to. Bay thu hai: doan nghia cua can chi dua vao ban than tu can ma khong doc ly do dung sau no - hay luon hoi: co mot nguoi/quy dinh nao dang cho phep khong, hay day chi la kha nang ca nhan?

Tom tat

Can/can't mang hai nghia: kha nang lam duoc mot viec (ky nang, dieu kien ca nhan) va su cho phep lam mot viec trong mot tinh huong cu the (do nguoi co tham quyen quyet dinh). Phan biet hai nghia bang cach doc ly do va chu the dung sau can, khong phai ban than tu can. Can luon di voi V nguyen mau, khong to, khong chia theo ngoi.

Bai tiep theo dua mustn't vao he thong nay - dieu bi cam - roi dung ca can, mustn't, must/have to de noi ve quyen cua tre em.