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Bài học

Dung cau bi dong de neu quy dinh chung

Muc tieu bai hoc

Sau bai hoc nay, em nhan biet duoc khi nao nen dung cau bi dong (khi khong can/khong biet ro ai thuc hien hanh dong) de mo ta mot quy dinh ap dung chung, va biet khi nao nen hay khong nen them by + tac nhan.

Kien thuc nen can co

Bai truoc em da biet cach chuyen mot cau chu dong sang bi dong dung hinh thuc. Bai nay chuyen sang cau hoi khac: khi nao nen chon cau bi dong thay vi chu dong.

Cau hoi khoi dong

So sanh "The government protects children's rights" va "Children's rights are protected." Cau nao phu hop hon khi ta khong can nhan manh ai la nguoi bao ve, ma chi muon noi ve mot su that chung?

Khi nao nen dung cau bi dong

Cau bi dong phu hop khi: nguoi/vat thuc hien hanh dong khong quan trong hoac da ro tu ngu canh; nguoi noi muon nhan vao doi tuong chiu tac dong (tre em, hoc sinh) hon la nguoi thuc hien; hoac cau dang dien ta mot quy dinh, luat le mang tinh chung, ap dung cho moi truong hop. Ve phan by + tac nhan: chi giu lai khi tac nhan mang thong tin moi, cu the, dang noi (by the Vietnamese law, by the school board); neu tac nhan chi la people chung chung, thuong bo han.

Mot cau truc bi dong rat hay gap trong noi quy la S + am/is/are + (not) allowed + to V - day chinh la dang bi dong cua dong tu allow, mang nghia gan giong can/can't nhung o mot cau truc khac: "Mobile phones are not allowed in the classroom" gan nghia voi "Students can't use mobile phones in the classroom." Em se gap lai dang nay khi doc va viet noi quy o cac bai sau.

Nhieu bien bao va thong bao that ngoai doi cung dung dung cong thuc nay: "Smoking is not allowed here", "Photography is not permitted inside the museum", "Bicycles are not allowed on this path." Diem chung cua ca ba cau la khong ai can biet chinh xac ai dat ra quy dinh do - dieu quan trong la quy dinh ap dung cho tat ca moi nguoi, dung voi tinh chat chung cua mot bien bao cong cong.

So do bon buoc quyet dinh khi nao nen chon cau bi dong de mo ta mot quy dinh.1Ai thuc hien coquan trong khong?Neu khong quan tronghoac da ro, can nhacdung bi dong.2Trong tam la tacnhan hay doituong?Muon nhan tre em/hocsinh, chon bi dong;muon nhan nguoi thuchien, giu chu dong.3Tac nhan co lathong tin moi, cuthe?Neu co (by the law),them by; neu chungchung (by people), bohan.4Viet lai va doclai ca cauKiem tra is/are theochu ngu moi va quakhu phan tu dung.
Buoc ba la buoc hay bi bo qua nhat: giu hay bo by phu thuoc tac nhan co phai thong tin moi khong.
Ví dụ
Bo phan by people thua thai
  1. 1

    An viet: "Children's opinions are listened to by people in a democratic classroom." Bay o day la giu "by people" khien cau dai dong va thua.

  2. 2

    "People" o day la mot tac nhan chung chung, khong mang thong tin cu the - nen bo han phan "by people" ma nghia cau khong doi.

  3. 3

    (a) Children's opinions are listened to in a democratic classroom, (b) Children's opinions are listen to in a democratic classroom, (c) Children's opinions listened to in a democratic classroom, (d) Children's opinions are listened to by people in a democratic classroom - loai (b) vi thieu -ed; loai (c) vi thieu am/is/are; loai (d) vi giu "by people" thua.

  4. 4

    (a) Children's opinions are listened to in a democratic classroom.

  5. 5

    Bo phan by + tac nhan khi tac nhan la people/someone/they chung chung, khong mang thong tin cu the.

Ví dụ
Giu lai by khi tac nhan can thiet
  1. 1

    Mai muon noi cu the ai bao ve quyen tre em o Viet Nam, chon giua hai cau: (a) Children's rights are protected. (b) Children's rights are protected by Vietnamese law. Bay o day la nghi cau (a) luon tot hon vi ngan gon.

  2. 2

    Neu ngu canh dang can neu ro nguon goc phap ly cu the (luat Viet Nam), "by Vietnamese law" mang thong tin moi, can giu lai; bo di se lam cau mo ho, khong ro dua tren co so nao.

  3. 3

    Voi de bai yeu cau neu ro nguon phap ly, (a) khong sai ngu phap nhung khong day du thong tin theo yeu cau cua de; (b) day du va chinh xac hon trong ngu canh nay.

  4. 4

    (b) Children's rights are protected by Vietnamese law.

  5. 5

    Quy tac bo by khong phai luc nao cung ap dung - chi bo khi tac nhan khong can thiet; khi tac nhan la thong tin chinh cua cau, phai giu lai.

Ví dụ
Sua loi chia dong tu bi dong trong cau dai
  1. 1

    "In this school, mobile phones is banned during lessons by the headteacher's rule, and they must switch off before class." Xac dinh loi chia dong tu bi dong.

  2. 2

    "Mobile phones" la danh tu so nhieu, phai chia are, khong phai is - loi nam o phan dau cau, du co nhieu cum tu chen giua chu ngu va dong tu.

  3. 3

    "In this school, mobile phones are banned during lessons by the headteacher's rule, and they must switch off before class."

  4. 4

    In this school, mobile phones are banned during lessons by the headteacher's rule, and they must switch off before class.

  5. 5

    Luon kiem tra so it/so nhieu cua chu ngu moi truoc khi chon is/are, du cau dai va co nhieu cum chen giua.

Luyen tap co huong dan

Luyen tap doc lap

Loi thuong gap

Bay hay gap: giu lai by people/by someone that khong can thiet, lam cau dai dong ma khong them thong tin. Bay thu hai: bo by khi tac nhan that su can thiet (mot co quan cu the, mot dieu luat cu the), khien cau tro nen mo ho ve nguon goc quy dinh.

Tom tat

Chon cau bi dong khi nguoi thuc hien khong quan trong/da ro, hoac khi muon nhan vao doi tuong chiu tac dong cua mot quy dinh chung. Bo by + tac nhan chung chung (people, someone); giu lai khi tac nhan mang thong tin cu the, can thiet. Mot dang bi dong rat hay gap trong noi quy la (not) allowed to V.

Chuong tiep theo dua em vao doc mot bang noi quy that, ap dung ca modal verbs va cau bi dong da hoc de tra loi cau hoi doc hieu va tu viet lai quy dinh.