Bài học

Mustn't va quyen cua tre em

Muc tieu bai hoc

Sau bai hoc nay, em dung dung mustn't de dien ta dieu bi cam, phan biet chac chan voi don't have to, va ap dung can/can't/mustn't/have to de phat bieu ve quyen tre em - quyen duoc di hoc, duoc bao ve, duoc bay to y kien.

Kien thuc nen can co

Bai truoc em da hoc can cho su cho phep va kha nang; hai bai truoc nua em da hoc must/have to (nghia vu) va should (loi khuyen). Bai nay ghep mustn't (cam doan) vao he thong do, roi dung tat ca de noi ve quyen tre em.

Cau hoi khoi dong

Doc mot cau rat don gian, rut gon tu Cong uoc Quoc te ve Quyen tre em: "Every child has the right to go to school, and no one is allowed to stop them." Em se viet lai ve sau bang mot modal verb nao?

Mustn't: cam doan, khac han don't have to

Mustn't (= must not) dien ta mot dieu hoan toan bi cam, thuong vi ly do an toan hoac luat le - khac han don't have to (khong bat buoc nhung van duoc phep lam neu muon). Day la cap modal de nham nhat trong toan bo chuong nay, boi vi o dang khang dinh, must va have to gan nghia nhau, nhung o dang phu dinh, must not va don't have to lai re sang hai huong hoan toan khac nhau.

Ap dung vao quyen tre em, ba modal thuong xuat hien cung nhau: can (tre em duoc phep lam gi), mustn't (khong ai duoc phep ngan can tre em), have to (nguoi lon co trach nhiem bao dam quyen do). Mot bay ngu phap can chu y: khi chu ngu da mang nghia phu dinh san (no one, nobody), khong duoc them mustn't nua, vi se tao thanh phu dinh hai lan va doi nghia ca cau.

Buoc hai va ba de bi nham nhat: tre em duoc phep lam gi khac voi khong ai duoc lam gi voi tre em.

Ví dụ

Viet lai quyen duoc di hoc bang modal, tranh phu dinh kep

1
Doan quyen tre em rut gon: "Every child has the right to go to school, and no one is allowed to stop them." Viet lai ve sau bang mustn't. Bay o day la them mustn't vao ngay sau no one, tao thanh phu dinh kep.
2
No one is allowed to stop them mang nghia cam doan - khong mot ai duoc phep ngan can tre em di hoc. No one da mang nghia phu dinh san, nen khong the ghep them mustn't/must not vao ngay sau no ma khong lam doi nghia ca cau.
3
(a) No one must stop a child from going to school, (b) No one mustn't stop a child from going to school, (c) No one must not stop a child from going to school, (d) People mustn't stop a child from going to school - loai (b),(c) vi no one da phu dinh san, them mustn't/must not tao thanh phu dinh kep, nghia lai hoa thanh phai ngan can; loai (a) vi must o dang khang dinh voi no one chi con nghia khong ai bat buoc phai ngan can, mat het y cam doan.
(a) No one must stop a child from going to school, (b) No one mustn't stop a child from going to school, (c) No one must not stop a child from going to school, (d) People mustn't stop a child from going to school - loai (b),(c) vi no one da phu dinh san, them mustn't/must not tao thanh phu dinh kep, nghia lai hoa thanh phai ngan can; loai (a) vi must o dang khang dinh voi no one chi con nghia khong ai bat buoc phai ngan can, mat het y cam doan.
4
(d) People mustn't stop a child from going to school.
5
Mustn't can mot chu ngu khang dinh (people, everyone, drivers) de tranh phu dinh kep voi nhung tu da mang nghia phu dinh san nhu no one, nobody.

Ví dụ

Phan biet mustn't va don't have to khi noi ve quyen duoc nghi ngoi

1
Doan van: "Children have the right to rest and play. Employers ___ force young children to work long hours, and schools ___ give homework every single day if it harms a child's health." Dien mustn't hay don't have to vao tung cho.
2
Ve dau (ep tre em lam viec nhieu gio) la dieu bi cam hoan toan theo quyen tre em, nen dung mustn't; ve sau (giao bai tap moi ngay) khong phai la dieu bi cam tuyet doi, ma chi la khong bat buoc/khong nen neu anh huong suc khoe, nen dung don't have to.
3
Neu dao nguoc thanh don't have to o ve dau, cau se ngu y ep tre em lam viec nhieu gio chi la khong bat buoc - sai hoan toan voi tinh chat nghiem trong cua quyen tre em; neu dao nguoc thanh mustn't o ve sau, cau se noi giao bai tap moi ngay la bi cam tuyet doi - qua manh so voi y that su chi la mot khuyen nghi ve suc khoe.
4
mustn't (ve dau); don't have to (ve sau).
5
Mustn't = cam tuyet doi, thuong vi ly do an toan hoac luat; don't have to = co lua chon, khong bat buoc.

Ví dụ

Sua loi phu dinh khi noi ve quyen duoc bay to y kien

1
"Children can express their opinions about matters that affect them, but no one must ignore their views completely." Bay o day la giu nguyen must o ve sau trong khi y that su can mustn't.
2
Ve sau muon noi khong ai duoc phep phot lo hoan toan y kien cua tre em - day la mot dieu bi cam, nen phai dung mustn't, khong phai must o dang khang dinh.
3
"Children can express their opinions about matters that affect them, but no one should ignore their views completely."
4
Children can express their opinions about matters that affect them, but no one should ignore their views completely.
5
Voi chu ngu da mang nghia phu dinh nhu no one, dung should (khuyen khong nen) hoac mot chu ngu khang dinh voi mustn't (nhu o vi du truoc) - khong ghep mustn't ngay sau no one.

Luyen tap co huong dan

Luyen tap doc lap

Loi thuong gap

Bay quan trong nhat chuong nay: mustn't (bi cam) va don't have to (khong bat buoc) khong bao gio thay the duoc cho nhau - luon hoi lai xem dieu do co that su bi cam khong. Bay thu hai: ghep mustn't ngay sau mot chu ngu da phu dinh san nhu no one/nobody, tao thanh phu dinh kep va lam doi nghia ca cau.

Tom tat

Mustn't dien ta mot dieu bi cam tuyet doi, khac han don't have to (khong bat buoc, van duoc phep lam neu muon). Khi ghep mustn't voi mot chu ngu da mang nghia phu dinh nhu no one/nobody, phai doi sang chu ngu khang dinh de tranh phu dinh kep. Ket hop can, mustn't, have to, nguoi hoc co the dien dat day du quyen tre em: duoc lam gi, khong ai duoc lam gi voi tre em, va ai co trach nhiem bao dam.

Chuong tiep theo chuyen sang mot cau truc moi: cau bi dong thi hien tai don - cach noi ve mot quy dinh chung ma khong can nhac ten nguoi thuc hien no.